Profile of Risk Factors for Noncommunicable Diseases Among the Migrants of Santal Tribe Residing in Bhubaneswar City, Odisha, India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55489/njcm.160520255264Keywords:
NCD risk factors, tribal, migrants, prevalence, WHO STEPs, OdishaAbstract
Background: Risk factors of Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are increasing among Indian tribes. However, this issue remains unexplored in migrants of Odisha’s Santal tribe, in Bhubaneswar city. Objective: To assess the prevalence of behavioural and selected metabolic risk factors of NCDs among Santal migrants aged 18 to 69 years in Bhubaneswar.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study involving 516 Santal migrants was conducted from September to December 2022 using the WHO STEPS survey questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were performed using R statistical software.
Results: Prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use were 80% (95% CI: 76.3–83.3) and 81.8% (95% CI: 78.1–85.0), respectively with higher rates among males. Low physical activity was reported by 30.6% (95% CI: 26.7–34.8), commonly among females. 98.8% participants had inadequate fruit and vegetable intake. Hypertension was found in 40.3% (95% CI: 36.1–44.7), abdominal obesity in 33.5% and obesity in 28.5%.
Conclusions: High prevalence of NCD risk factors was observed among Santal migrants with inadequate intake of fruits and vegetables, followed by alcohol and tobacco use being most prevalent. Male gender was independently linked to tobacco and alcohol use; age 45-69 years with alcohol use and low education with tobacco use. Culturally appropriate, community-based health promotion programs could be beneficial.
References
World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases. Available at: https://www.who.int/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases#tab=tab_1 Accessed on: Jan 11, 2025.
World Health Organization. Noncommunicable Diseases Progress Monitor 2020. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/ncd-progress-monitor-2020 Accessed on: Jan 11, 2025.
World Health Organization SEAR. Noncommunicable diseases are the no. 1 killers in the WHO SEA Region. Available at: https://www.who.int/southeastasia/activities/noncommunicable-diseases-are-the-no.-1-killers-in-the-who-sear Accessed on: Jan 12, 2025
World Health Organization. Non Communicable Disease Progress Monitor 2022. p. 234. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240047761 Accessed on: Jan 12, 2025
World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases 2024. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases Accessed on: Jan 11, 2025
Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2197-2223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4 PMid:23245608
Census 2011, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. ST population, percentage of STs in India. Available from: https://tribal.nic.in/ST/Statistics8518.pdf
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare and Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India. Policy Brief - Tribal Health Report, India. Available from: https://tribalhealthreport.in/policy-brief/ [cited Jan 12, 2025]
Sajeev P, Soman B. Prevalence of noncommunicable disease risk factors among the Kani tribe in Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala. Indian Heart J. 2018;70(5):598-603. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2018.01.022 PMid:30392494 PMCid:PMC6204451
ST & SC Development, Minorities & Backward Classes Welfare Department, Government of Odisha. Annual Activity Report 2023-24. Bhubaneswar: Government of Odisha; 2024 [cited 2025 Jan 9]. Available from: https://stsc.odisha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2024-07/Annual%20Activity%20Report%202023-24_2.pdf.
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute, Bhubaneswar. Photo Handbook on Tribes - Santal. Bhubaneswar: SCSTRTI; 2014 [cited 2025 Jan 9]. Available from: https://www.scstrti.in/index.php/activities/publication/books/photo-handbook-on-tribes
Panda I. A review on tribal heritage of Odisha with reference to Santal community. Odisha Rev. 2021;May:61-64.
Sahoo AK, Patra PK, Mohanty RP. Opportunity for natural selection among the migrant Santal community of Bhubaneswar in Odisha, India. Anthropologist. 2013;16(3):761-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2013.11891406
Das M, Pal S, Ghosh A. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors by habitat: a study on adult Asian Indians in West Bengal, India. Anthropol Anz. 2011;68(3):253-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1127/0003-5548/2011/0099 PMid:21905415
World Health Organization. Noncommunicable disease surveillance, monitoring and reporting - STEPwise approach to NCD risk factor surveillance (STEPS). Available from: https://www.who.int/teams/noncommunicable-diseases/surveillance/systems-tools/steps [cited Jan 15, 2025].
International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ICF. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), India, 2015-16: Odisha. Mumbai: IIPS; 2017 Available from: https://www.aidsdatahub.org/sites/default/files/resource/national-family-health-survey-2015-16-odisha-2017.pdf [cited Mar 2, 2025].
WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004;363(9403):157-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15268-3 PMid:14726171
James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8) [published correction appears in JAMA. 2014 May 7;311(17):1809]. JAMA. 2014;311(5):507-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.284427 PMid:24352797
Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Global Adult Tobacco Survey Second Round: India 2016-2017. New Delhi: TISS, MoHFW; 2017 [cited 2025 Jan 8]. Available from: https://ntcp.mohfw.gov.in/assets/document/surveys-reports-publications/Global-Adult-Tobacco-Survey-Second-Round-India-2016-2017.pdf
Gupta VK, Nema P, Toppo NA, Kasar P, Rai N. Prevalence of tobacco consumption among urban tribals of Mandla District (M.P). J Med Sci Clin Res. 2018;6(2):67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v6i2.67
Rajkuwar A, Verma A, Vijayapandian H, Kumar P, Dheeraj M, Vincent V. Prevalence of tobacco use and oral mucosal lesions among Nicobarese tribal population in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2021;22(9):975-978. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3158
Misra PJ, Mini GK, Thankappan KR. Risk factor profile for non-communicable diseases among Mishing tribes in Assam, India: results from a WHO STEPs survey. Indian J Med Res. 2014;140(3):370-378.
Murmu J, Agrawal R, Manna S, Pattnaik S, Ghosal S, Sinha A, et al. Social determinants of tobacco use among tribal communities in India: Evidence from the first wave of Longitudinal Ageing Study in India. PLoS One. 2023;18(3):e0282487. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282487 PMid:36862703 PMCid:PMC9980830
International Institute for Population Sciences, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Global Youth Tobacco Survey India, Factsheet. 2019 Available from: https://www.iipsindia.ac.in/sites/default/files/GYTS-4_Factsheet_Odisha.pdf. [Cited Jan 27, 2025].
Deepa K, Jose MJ, Prabhu V. Prevalence and type of tobacco habits and tobacco-related oral lesions among Wayanad tribes, Kerala, India. Indian J Public Health Res Dev. 2013;4(2):63-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/j.0976-5506.4.2.015
Verma P, Saklecha D, Kasar PK. A study on prevalence of tobacco consumption in tribal district of Madhya Pradesh. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2017;5(1):76-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20175508
Negi PC, Chauhan R, Rana V, Vidyasagar, Lal K. Epidemiological study of non-communicable diseases (NCD) risk factors in tribal district of Kinnaur, HP: A cross-sectional study. Indian Heart J. 2016;68(5):655-662. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2016.03.002 PMid:27773404 PMCid:PMC5079134
Tushi A, Rao SR, Pattabi K, Kaur P. Prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases in a rural tribal population of Mokokchung, Nagaland, India. Natl Med J India. 2018;31(1):11-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-258X.243405 PMid:30348915
Bhar D, Bhattacherjee S, Das DK. Behavioral and biological risk factors of noncommunicable diseases among tribal adults of rural Siliguri in Darjeeling District, West Bengal: A cross-sectional study. Indian J Public Health. 2019;63(2):119-127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijph.IJPH_326_18 PMid:31219060
Kumar A, Choudhury R, Yadav S. A study of non-communicable diseases risk factors among the tribal population of Lefunga block, Tripura: a cross-sectional study. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2018;5(10):4478-4484. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20183996
Ho LL, Mishra BK. A study on prevalence and pattern of alcohol consumption among the Munda tribes of North Odisha. Stud Tribes Tribals. 2017;15:1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2017.1316621
Ray J, Som K, Paul R, Bandyopadhyay D. Prevalence of alcohol use among tribal population based on self-reported data: a hospital-based pilot study from West Bengal. J Indian Acad Clin Med. 2018;19(4):269-73.
International Institute of Population Sciences. National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 2019-21 compendium of fact sheets: India and 14 states/UTs (Phase-II). Available from: https://mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/NFHS-5_Phase-II_0.pdf. [cited Feb 4, 2025].
Mohanty S, Sahoo J, Epari V, Ganesh GS, Panigrahi SK. Prevalence, patterns, and predictors of physical inactivity in an urban population of India. Cureus. 2022;14(6):e26409. Published 2022 Jun 28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.26409
Kandpal V, Sachdeva MP, Saraswathy KN. An assessment study of CVD-related risk factors in a tribal population of India. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:434. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3106-x PMid:27225632 PMCid:PMC4880982
Upadhyay D, Ahmed R, Boruah M. Dietary risk factors of non-communicable diseases among industrial common workers: a cross-sectional study. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2019;6(8):3428-3432. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20193466
Dakua U, Das S, Mandal S, Shaw P. Prevalence of risk factors of non-communicable diseases among adults in urban slums of Burdwan municipality, West Bengal: A cross-sectional study. Indian J Med Res. 2024;160(5):506-513. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25259/ijmr_2166_23 PMid:39737510 PMCid:PMC11683503
Giri PP, Mohapatra B, Kar K. Prevalence of hypertension and the associated factors among Sabar and Munda tribes of Eastern India. J Family Med Prim Care. 2022;11(9):5065-5071. doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_715_21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_715_21 PMid:36505605 PMCid:PMC9730982
Ganie MA, Parvez T, Viswanath SA, et al. Prevalence, pattern & correlates of hypertension among tribal population of Kashmir, India: A cross-sectional study. Indian J Med Res. 2021;154(3):467-475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_48_19 PMid:35345072 PMCid:PMC9131797
Kerketta AS, Bulliyya G, Babu BV, Mohapatra SS, Nayak RN. Health status of the elderly population among four primitive tribes of Orissa, India: a clinico-epidemiological study. Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2009;42(1):53-59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-008-0530-2 PMid:18398631
Aswin MG, Anand MP, Jessy P, Lordson AJ, Jibin JPJ, Nisam AP, Adarsh MS, Asmi FN, Mini GK. Prevalence and associated risk factors of hypertension among tribal population in Thrissur District: A cross-sectional study in South India. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health. 2024;26:101563. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2024.101563
Ramamoorthy K, Muthunarayanan L, Sundaram MP, Devivaraprasad M, Anantharaman VV. Association of abdominal obesity and diabetes among the adult tribal population in Tamil Nadu. Indian J Community Med. 2024;49(6):826-830. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_899_22 PMid:39668928 PMCid:PMC11633279
Dash SS, Saha RN. A cross-sectional study of non-communicable disease risk factors among the tribal population of Gopi II Block, Paschim Midnapore, West Bengal. Paripex-Indian J Res. 2020;9(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.36106/paripex
Thankappan KR, Shah B, Mathur P, et al. Risk factor profile for chronic non-communicable diseases: results of a community-based study in Kerala, India. Indian J Med Res. 2010;131:53-63.
Palo SK, Swain S, Priyadarshini S, Behera B, Pati S. Epidemiology of obesity and its related morbidities among rural population attending a primary health centre of Odisha, India. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019;8(1):203-208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_255_18 PMid:30911507 PMCid:PMC6396592
Rengma MS, Sen J, Mondal N. Socio-economic, demographic and lifestyle determinants of overweight and obesity among adults of Northeast India. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2015;25(3):199-208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v25i3.2 PMid:26633922 PMCid:PMC4650874
Majumdar S, Gorain A, Rocky. Overweight, obesity and socio-economic change among tribal population in rural and peri-urban population in Birbhum District, West Bengal, India. Int J Res Publ Rev. 2024;5(2):13-20.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Himanshu Sekhar Pradhan, Bagavandas Mappillairaju

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The authors retain the copyright of their article, with first publication rights granted to Medsci Publications.