National Journal of Community Medicine

Digital Strain and its Impact on Visual and Auditory Health in an Online Learning Environment: A Cross-sectional Study

Ramadevi Kumar — 2025-05-01

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, concerns extended beyond respiratory health to include visual and auditory well-being in school-aged children. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of digital device-related visual and auditory strain in children.

Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study using simple random sample technique as well as multistage cluster sampling was carried out at selected schools at Puducherry, India, from January 2022 to May 2022. Using a self-administered questionnaire, demographic information as well as digital-related visual and auditory strain were evaluated.

Results: Of the 268 participants, 5.6% reported having moderate digital eye strain and 27.6% had mild digital eye strain. Students reported burning sensations (35.07%), dryness (20.14%), and itching (37.68%) as common visual discomforts. In the meantime, 7.5% of respondents reported significant auditory strain, and 10.4% reported mild strain. Ear irritation (17.91%), ear infections (7.46%), ringing in the ears (16.79%), and ear blockage (13.43%) are among the symptoms. Risk factors for eye strain included participant age (P=0.020), wearing spectacles (P<0.001), the number of hours spent using a device outside of class (P=0.009), and the distance between the device and the user (P=0.018). Age (P<0.05), sex (P<0.001), students' grade (P<0.001), hours spent (P<0.05), and headphone use (P<0.001) were all significantly correlated with auditory strain.

Conclusions: The hybrid learning environment posed diverse challenges for students, highlighting the significant impact of both visual and auditory health. The findings advocate for proactive measures for students’ overall health.

Prevalence and Determinants of Peripheral Neuropathy Among Diabetes Mellitus Patients in a Rural Area of Salem District, Tamil Nadu

Shini Preetha Nirmalson — 2025-05-01

Background: One of the most prevalent side effects of diabetes mellitus is diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), affecting half of them. Early detection and treatment of DPN are essential in rural areas with limited access to healthcare. The objectives of the study are twofold: first, to estimate the prevalence of peripheral neuropathy among diabetes mellitus patients, and second, to identify the variables that influence the development of peripheral neuropathy.

Materials and Methods: It is a community based cross-sectional analytical study with 350 samples chosen by simple random sampling method. Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) history and physical examination version was used to evaluate DPN, and Biothesiometer findings were used to score the severity of DPN. Data analysis was done with SPSS Version 22.

Results: DPN was present in 22.1% (MNSI history) and 38.6% (MNSI physical exam) of samples. Biothesiometer testing showed mild, moderate, and severe DPN in 16.5%, 9.5%, and 12.6%, respectively. Male gender, diabetes duration >5 years, uncontrolled blood sugar, and hypertension were significant risk factors.

Conclusion: Regular screening of DPN at the time of diagnosis and follow up must be undertaken as a routine practice to be integrated in the health system. Diabetic individuals must be urged to inculcate foot care and other self-care practices as a routine habit.

A Cross-Sectional Study Assessing Medication Adherence to Diabetes Mellitus Treatment Among Adults in A Tertiary Care Hospital in the National Capital Region, Delhi

Prem Kumar — 2025-05-01

Introduction: India has earned the dubious distinction of being the diabetic capital of the world. Poor adherence to diabetes treatment is common now a days that can lead to severe health complications and is related to increased morbidity and mortality. Keeping this in mind, the present study had been planned to assess medication adherence to diabetes mellitus treatment among adults in a tertiary care hospital.

Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among adult patients attending the outpatient department of tertiary care hospital from October 2022 to September 2023 on 320 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (T2DM) using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used for statistical analyses.

Results: In 320 study subjects, the mean age came out to be 43+12.5 years. Prevalence of poor adherence was found to be 62% (95% confidence interval = 58.2-69.3). The average MMAS score came out to be 4.22. Of the total 320 diabetic patients, around 50.3% (161) came into low, 25.6% (82) in medium, and 24.1% (77) were in high adherent group respectively. Age, education, tobacco, alcohol consumption and suffering from any other chronic illness had significant effects on the adherence to treatment of T2DM.

Conclusion: Poor adherence to diabetes was found. Adherence to medication needs to be improved for better control and management of disease.

Hormonal Whirlwinds to Emotional Echoes: The Deep-Rooted Impact of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome on Psyche and Well-Being

Neeti Patel — 2025-05-01

Background: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) can be presented with physical and emotional consequences. Despite large research on the effects of hormonal imbalances on physical manifestations, psychological domains are still under a grey area. This study integrates clinical and psychosocial aspects of PCOS, leading to the development of comprehensive care approaches.

Methods: 364 women aged between 18 and 35 were involved in a cross-sectional study at a tertiary care hospital. Participants were divided into four PCOS phenotype groups, diagnosed based on Rotterdam criteria, and a control group (n=240). Psychosocial domains were analysed using the HRQL-Health-Related Quality of Life questionnaire, biochemical and hormonal parameters were assessed. Correlation was found between hormones and various domains.

Results: PCOS subjects exhibited high psychosocial stress across various domains, including emotional and fertility-related concerns. Hormonal imbalances were found to be differently associated with increased psychosocial distress, body image dissatisfaction, and menstruation-related challenges in various phenotypes (p<0.05). Moreover, financial burden and fear of developing malignancies were also linked to hormonal disturbances.

Conclusion: Hormonal whirlwinds strongly affect the psychosocial aspects of PCOS subjects. Elucidating this link will pave a path for creating personalized treatment plans that can lead to physical and psychological well-being. By involving mental health support in the regular line of treatment, healthcare providers can create a better world for women suffering from PCOS.

Profile of Risk Factors for Noncommunicable Diseases Among the Migrants of Santal Tribe Residing in Bhubaneswar City, Odisha, India

Himanshu Sekhar Pradhan — 2025-05-01

Background: Risk factors of Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are increasing among Indian tribes. However, this issue remains unexplored in migrants of Odisha’s Santal tribe, in Bhubaneswar city. Objective: To assess the prevalence of behavioural and selected metabolic risk factors of NCDs among Santal migrants aged 18 to 69 years in Bhubaneswar.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study involving 516 Santal migrants was conducted from September to December 2022 using the WHO STEPS survey questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were performed using R statistical software.

Results: Prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use were 80% (95% CI: 76.3–83.3) and 81.8% (95% CI: 78.1–85.0), respectively with higher rates among males. Low physical activity was reported by 30.6% (95% CI: 26.7–34.8), commonly among females. 98.8% participants had inadequate fruit and vegetable intake. Hypertension was found in 40.3% (95% CI: 36.1–44.7), abdominal obesity in 33.5% and obesity in 28.5%.

Conclusions: High prevalence of NCD risk factors was observed among Santal migrants with inadequate intake of fruits and vegetables, followed by alcohol and tobacco use being most prevalent. Male gender was independently linked to tobacco and alcohol use; age 45-69 years with alcohol use and low education with tobacco use. Culturally appropriate, community-based health promotion programs could be beneficial.

Awareness, Attitudes, and Practices of the Exercise Buddy System Among Overweight and Obese Individuals in India: A Cross‐Sectional Study

Khyati Patel — 2025-05-01

Background: Overweight and obesity are growing health problems in India due to city living and lifestyle changes. Regular exercise helps prevent chronic diseases, but many people struggle to stick with it. The exercise buddy system, where two people exercise together, may improve motivation and consistency. However, few studies explore how well-known this method is. This study examined awareness, opinions, and use of the buddy system among overweight and obese adults in India.

Methods: We conducted a study with 80 adults (aged 18–60 years; BMI ≥ 24.9 kg/m²). Participants were recruited through online surveys on social media and in-person interviews at a hospital clinic. A questionnaire collected data on demographics, exercise habits, and awareness and opinions of the buddy system using an eight-item scale. We ensured data quality with strict checks. Data were analyzed using SPSS v21 with descriptive, chi-square, and regression analyses.

Results: Participants’ average age was 45 years; 56.3% were women. Most (92.5%) exercised regularly, but 72.5% did so alone. Only 11.3% knew about the buddy system before the study. After learning about it, most had positive views (Cronbach’s α = 0.82). Higher positive opinions increased willingness to try the buddy system by 35% (OR = 1.35, p = 0.004).

Conclusion: While baseline awareness of the exercise buddy system is low among overweight and obese individuals in India, the generally positive attitudes indicate significant potential for its integration into physical activity interventions. Future research should focus on educational strategies to enhance awareness and overcome barriers to adoption.

Developing A Work-Related Accident Prevention Program for Onshore Pipeline Construction Workers in Thailand

Santipap Phudphong — 2025-05-01

Background: Work-related accidents in construction are not only the cause of significant human suffering and loss; they are also complex phenomena involving multiple risk factors and stakeholders. Accordingly, numerous protocols and regulations have been developed to prevent construction work-related injuries in various settings. However, a specific accident prevention program has not been thoroughly investigated for construction workers in onshore oil and gas pipeline construction in Thailand. This study aims to develop and assess the effectiveness of an accident prevention program among onshore pipeline construction workers in Thailand.

Methodology: Mixed-methods research was conducted from March 2022 to March 2023 among 577 workers and 30 stakeholders in construction projects. The data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire and brainstorming. Multiple linear regression analyses, paired samples t-test, Safe-T-Score (STS), and content analysis were applied to analyze the data.

Results: The work-related accident prevention program, consisting of six steps with five proactive activities, effectively improved worker health and safety performance (P < 0.001). When compared to past performance, STS was less than -2 (STS = -2.18), which indicates an improved accident record. Worker health and safety performance was associated with poor environment (β = -0.146; P = 0.003), unsafe worker behaviors (β = -0.123; P = 0.026), unsafe workplace conditions (β = -0.466; P <0.001), and organizational psychology factors (β = 0.272; P < 0.001).

Conclusions: We recommend extending this program to other construction workers in related contexts to improve accident prevention and promote safe work practices.

Effectiveness of a School-Based Intervention on WASH Infrastructure in Residential Schools of Wardha District, India

Sarika Uttamrao Dakhode — 2025-05-01

Introduction: Various WASH programs are running at the National level, however; coverage, barriers and challenges for WASH implementation in underprivileged sectors are rarely assessed. Aim & Objectives: To assess the effect of a school-based intervention on WASH infrastructure at the residential school level.

Methodology: This experimental study was conducted in eight ashram schools of district Wardha (Maharashtra) that were allocated to intervention and control groups. The intervention consists of providing a module for promoting safe drinking WASH practices and hands-on training of teachers and staff. Baseline and endpoint data were collected by using a checklist and questionnaire developed by WHO and UNICEF. The score for WASH practices was analyzed.

Results: Chlorination method was adopted in all beneficiary schools. All water samples collected from beneficiary schools were free from any micro-organisms. Score for availability, accessibility and maintenance of sanitation, hygiene facilities, and cleanliness improved up to 75% in intervention as compare to control schools. Basic services of hand washing facilities, i.e. availability of water and soap were, achieved by 75% intervention and 25% control schools.

Conclusions: Intervention was based on local engagement, which was found to be advantageous in promoting the school environment for safe WASH facilities at satisfactory level in beneficiary schools.

Neurodevelopmental Status of Children Born During COVID-19 Pandemic in Belagavi City: A Cross-Sectional Study

Pratiksha Kalgutkar — 2025-05-01

Background: The implementation of containment measures during the COVID-19 pandemic significantly reduced outdoor activities for children. Previous research has suggested that these restrictions negatively affected children’s psychological well-being and heightened the risk of developmental delays. The study aims to assess the neurodevelopmental status of children born during the COVID-19 pandemic in Belagavi city, using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID IV).

Method: This cross-sectional study enrolled 48 participants from pre-schools in Belagavi city between August 2023 and January 2024. BSID IV was used to assess neurodevelopment across various domains. Central tendency measures were calculated for demographic data. Independent sample t-tests and one-way ANOVA were employed to compare categorical and continuous demographic characteristics of the study participants, mothers, fathers, and families with BSID IV scores.

Result: The neurodevelopmental status of the participants revealed the following mean scores: Cognitive domain (115.1±10.7), Language domain (101.9±10.5), Fine motor domain (102.9±10.3), Communication domain (93.1±8.6), Socio-emotional domain (103.0±11.6), Socialization (100.2±8.1), Daily living skills (97.08±6.98), and Adaptive behavior (95.6±7.6).

Conclusion: The neurodevelopmental status of children born during the COVID-19 pandemic in Belagavi city shows variations across domains. Cognitive development is within the average range, but language development is somewhat lower, with communication skills particularly affected.

Predictors of Adolescent Pregnancy in Northeast India: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Dipankar Roy — 2025-05-01

Background: Worldwide teenage pregnancy marks a major public health concern that hits hardest in countries with lower and medium incomes. A recent national family health survey study shows adolescent pregnancy rates climbed in three northeastern states while other parts of the country recorded progress. Understanding the factors contributing to marital teenage pregnancy is crucial for improving the health status of both mother and new born.

Materials and Methods: The present study looked at teenage marital pregnancy trends and their risk factors in Northeast India based on NFHS-5 household data. Using Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, risk factors associated with teenage marital pregnancy was identified in the region.

Results: Findings reveal Tripura leads all states in northeast India with maximum teenage pregnancy cases and Assam ranks second. Results show that teenagers in rural areas who follow the Islamic faith and have lower education levels plus minimal media contact face higher chances of encountering pregnancy during teenage while peers do not.

Conclusions: The study recommends targeted interventions to improve access to educational opportunities along with awareness and family planning measures in rural areas to address cultural and religious factors that may influence attitudes towards child marriage and teenage pregnancy.

Veganism : Its Impact on Human Health

Vidya Viswanathan — 2025-05-01

Plant-based diets are increasingly popular for improving human health, animal welfare, and reducing environmental impact. They emphasize whole plant foods while avoiding meats, dairy, eggs, and processed foods. Compared to meat-based diets, plant-based diets generate fewer greenhouse gas emissions and have a smaller environmental footprint. These diets can lower blood pressure, cholesterol, HbA1C, and body mass index, while reducing mortality from ischemic heart disease. However, many healthcare professionals do not emphasize plant-based diets for chronic illness treatment due to lack of knowledge or resources. Proper food selection is crucial to prevent nutritional deficiencies and ensure acceptance.

B.G. Prasad Scale 2025: An Updated Framework for Socioeconomic Assessment in India

Aanchal Anand — 2025-05-01

The B.G. Prasad Socioeconomic Classification has been a cornerstone in assessing the socioeconomic status (SES) of Indian households since 1961. Periodic updates using the Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers (CPI-IW) ensure its continued relevance. Given the changing economic conditions and inflation trends, periodic updates are necessary. The CPI-IW for January 2025 is 143.2, necessitating a recalculation of the income thresholds. This study aims to update the B.G. Prasad Scale for 2025 using the latest Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers (CPI-IW), analyze the impact of inflation on socioeconomic classification, and assess its implications in public health and policymaking. The updated classification is calculated using the base values from 1961, linking factors from previous updates (1982, 2001, 2016), and the latest CPI-IW. The calculation steps are outlined to ensure transparency and reproducibility. The Modified B.G. Prasad Scale 2025 ensures that socioeconomic classification remains relevant. However, limitations such as its income-centric approach highlight the need for a multidimensional SES framework. Future updates should incorporate education, occupation, and regional adjustments to enhance its applicability in public health research and policy development.

The Impact of War in Sudan on Renal Medical Services

Amin Banaga — 2025-05-01

Prevalence of Post-Partum Depression in India and Its Association with Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Bhupesh Gupta — 2025-05-01

Introduction: This study uses an exhaustive meta-analysis of descriptive epidemiological studies to determine the prevalence of major depression in post-partum females and its associated risk factors, across all ages in India.

Methodology: Using PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar for studies from 2020–2024. The review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024513914). Eligible English-language observational studies reported depression prevalence in perinatal Indian women. Meta-analysis was done using R (v4.3.0), and study quality was assessed with the JBI score. Pooled prevalence and odds ratios with 95% CI were calculated. Heterogeneity was evaluated using Q and I² statistics, and publication bias was assessed with Egger’s test and a funnel plot.

Results. Utilizing a random effects model, the results of 59 publications were used to estimate the prevalence of post-partum depression in India from 2020-2024 to be 19% (CI = 95: 15–23%). Meta-regression analysis found that older age post-partum females had a higher prevalence of post-partum depression as compared to young ones. Heterogeneity for prevalence was found to be 97%. The sub-group analysis found a higher prevalence of post-partum depression in Southern India (22%; 95% CI: 15–31), studies conducted in community settings (19%; 95% CI: 12–28), urban areas (19%; 95% CI: 15–24), studies using study instruments other than EPDS scale (22%; 95%CI: 11–39), and publication year 2024 (25%; 95% CI: 17-36).

Conclusion. Effective measures like psychological counselling and health education, need to be taken to control post-partum depression in India.

Public Health Awareness of Breast Cancer in Rural India: A Comprehensive Review

Debashmita Banerjee — 2025-05-01

Objective: This comprehensive review endeavours to evaluate the degree of breast cancer awareness among rural Indian women.

Methods: The PRISMA guideline was followed in this systematic review. Qualitative and quantitative literature from 2000-2023 was searched in PubMed, Science Direct, Medline and Google Scholar. Individuals in India were targeted, with a cross-sectional or prevalence-based approach in healthcare settings. Studies stating health awareness values were gathered from adult breast cancer patients or those without cancer were included. Papers were limited to English, 2012-2022. Duplicate, meta-analyses, non-human, inadequate data and non-English publications were excluded. Grey literature was searched, but access limitations were faced.

Result: Widespread lack of awareness about breast cancer, coupled with limited access to screening, contributes to late diagnoses and increased mortality. Cultural stigma surrounding breast health impedes early detection and intervention. Inadequate healthcare, especially in rural areas, poses challenges to effective cancer care. Financial constraints hinder access to necessary medical services.

Conclusion: A holistic approach involving awareness campaigns, improved infrastructure, increased screening accessibility, and efforts to destigmatize breast health is required. Collaborative endeavors by stakeholders are crucial to mitigate breast cancer's impact on the Indian population and improve healthcare awareness, especially in rural areas.