Assessment of Intestinal Parasitic Infection and Personal Hygiene Practice Among School Children in A Primary School in A Village in Jakarta, Indonesia

Ika Puspa Sari; Sri  Wahdini

doi:10.55489/njcm.150520243796

Authors

Ika Puspa Sari Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3142-5330
Sri Wahdini Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9729-9114

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55489/njcm.150520243796

Keywords:

flood-prone area, primary school, personal hygiene, nail cleanliness, Intestinal Parasitic Infection

Abstract

Background: Intestinal parasitic infections (IPI) are still among developing countries' most prevalent parasitic infections. IPI is closely linked to nutrition, personal hygiene, environmental sanitation, income, climate, and education. Aims/Objectives: To assess the IPI and personal hygiene status among school children in the flood-prone area in Jakarta, Indonesia.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a government primary school in South Jakarta, Indonesia, involving 157 students. A structured questionnaire was developed to assess the personal hygiene behavior of the students. A physical examination of the nail fingers was conducted as well. Feces samples were collected from each student and examined using direct smear techniques to identify intestinal parasite infection.

Results: The prevalence of IPI was 38.2% in single and mixed infections. Intestinal parasites recorded in this study were Blastocystis hominis, Giardia lamblia, Trichuris trichiura, hookworm eggs, and non-pathogen protozoa Entamoeba coli. There is no significant difference between the prevalence of IPI with footwear usage, nail-cutting once a week (p=0.718), handwashing before the meal (p=0.688), handwashing after defecations (p=0.618); however, there is a significant difference between nail cleanliness and IPI (p=0.003).

Conclusions: The prevalence of IPI in these school children was high and required interventions like health education and action on nail and hand hygiene behavior from school personnel or teachers.

References

Lee J, Ryu JS . Current status of parasite infections in Indonesia: A literature review. Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(4):329-39. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.329 PMid:31533400 PMCid:PMC6753303

DD D, Gwadz R, Griffin D. Parasitic diseases, 6th ed. NY: Parasites without borders. Inc, NY 590:2017.

Mahmud MA, Spigt M, Bezabih AM, Dinant GJ, Velasco RB. . Associations between intestinal parasitic infections, anaemia, and diar-rhoea among school aged children, and the impact of hand-washing and nail clipping. BMC Res Notes 2020;13(1):1-6. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4871-2 PMid:31898526 PMCid:PMC6941294

Elmonir W, Elaadli H, Amer A, El-Sharkawy H, Bessat M, Mahmoud SF, et al. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and their associated risk factors among preschool and school children in Egypt. PLoS One [Internet]. 2021;16(9):e0258037. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258037 PMid:34587187 PMCid:PMC8480785

Ross AG, Papier K, Luceres-Catubig R, Chau TN, Inobaya MT, Ng SK. Poverty, dietary intake, intestinal parasites, and nutritional status among school-age children in the rural Philippines. Trop Med Infect Dis 2017; 2(4):1-10. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed2040049 PMid:30270906 PMCid:PMC6082057

Short EE, Caminade C, Thomas BN. Climate change contribution to the emergence or re-emergence of parasitic diseases. Infect Dis Res Treat. 2017;10:117863361773229. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1178633617732296 PMid:29317829 PMCid:PMC5755797

Agustaria G, Fazidah AS, Nurmaini N. The Relationship of gender, school sanitation and personal hygiene with helminthiasis at Juhar Karo Regency in North Sumatera Province, Indonesia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019;7(20):3497-500. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.686 PMid:32002082 PMCid:PMC6980814

Yeshitila YG, Zewde H, Mekene T, Manilal A, Lakew S, Teshome A. Prevalence and associated risk factors of intestinal parasites among schoolchildren from two primary schools in Rama Town, Northern Ethiopia. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2020;2020:5750891. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5750891 PMid:32908619 PMCid:PMC7468605

Kim MJ, Jung BK, Cho J, Kim DG, Song H, Lee KH, Cho S, Htoon TT, Tin HH, Chai JY. Prevalence of intestinal protozoans among school-children in suburban areas near Yangon, Myanmar. Korean J Parasitol. 2016;54(3):345-8. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.3.345 PMid:27417092 PMCid:PMC4977783

Assavapongpaiboon B, Bunkasem U, Sanprasert V, Nuchprayoon S. A cross-sectional study on intestinal parasitic infections in chil-dren in suburban public primary schools, Saraburi, the central region of Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018;98(3):763-7. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.17-0240 PMid:29363443 PMCid:PMC5930881

Sianturi MDG, Rahakbauw IM, Meyanti F, Kusumasari RA, Hartriyanti Y, Murhandarwati EH. . Prevalence of intestinal protozoan in-fections and association with hygiene knowledge among primary schoolchildren in salahutu and Leihitu districts, central Maluku regency, Indonesia. Trop Biomed 2016;33(3):428-36.

Jakarta PDTPD. Data on flood-prone areas of DKI Jakarta [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 21]. Available from: https://data.jakarta.go.id/dataset/daerah-rawan-banjir-provinsi-dki-jakarta. Indonesian.

Indrawati D, Hadihardaja IK, Adityawan MB, Pahrizal SF, Taufik F. Diversion canal to decrease flooding (case study: Kebon Jati-Kalibata Segment, Ciliwung River Basin). MATEC Web Conf 2018;147(3):1-5. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814703006

Han KT, Wai KT, Aye KH, Kyaw KW, Maung WP, Oo T. Emerging neglected helminthiasis and determinants of multiple helminth in-fections in flood-prone township in Myanmar. Trop Med Health 2019;47:1-10. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-018-0133-6 PMid:30787669 PMCid:PMC6318856

Peterson DL, Wright H, Harris PN. Health risks of flood disasters. Clin Infect Dis 2018;67(9):1450-4. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy227 PMid:30986298

World Health Organization. Manual of basic techniques for a health laboratory, 2nd ed. World Health Organization 2003.

Chai JY, Jung BK, Hong SJ. Albendazole and mebendazole as anti-parasitic and anti-cancer agents: An update. Korean J Parasitol. 2021;59(3):189-225. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.3.189 PMid:34218593 PMCid:PMC8255490

Alzate JF, Toro-Londoño M, Cabarcas F, Garcia-Montoya G, Galvan-Diaz A. Contrasting microbiota profiles observed in children carrying either Blastocystis spp. or the commensal amoebas Entamoeba coli or Endolimax nana. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2020;10(1):1-11. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72286-y PMid:32948808 PMCid:PMC7501860

Haftu D, Deyessa N, Agedew E. Prevalence and determinant factors of intestinal parasites among school children in Arba Minch Town, Southern Ethiopia. Am J Heal Res. 2014;2(5):247-54. Doi: https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20140205.15

Ubhayawardana N, Gammana Liyanage I, Herath HMJCB, Amarasekera U, Dissanayake T, De Silva S, et al. Direct Microscopy of Stool Samples for Determining the Prevalence of Soil-Transmitted helminthic infections among primary school children in Kaduwela MOH Area of Sri Lanka following Floods in 2016. J Environ Public Health. 2018;2018:3-7. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4929805 PMid:29983716 PMCid:PMC6015666

Sari IP, Benung MR, Wahdini S, Kurniawan A. Diagnosis and identification of Blastocystis subtypes in primary school children in Jakarta. J Trop Pediatr. 2018;64(3):208-14. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmx051 PMid:28977665

Shokri A, Sabzevari S, Hashemi SA. Impacts of flood on health of Iranian population: Infectious diseases with an emphasis on parasitic infections. Parasite Epidemiol Control [Internet]. 2020;9:e00144. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00144 PMid:32215322 PMCid:PMC7083784

Wahdini S, Putra VP, Sungkar S. The prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections among children in Southwest Sumba based on the type of water sources. Infect Chemother 2021;53(3):519-27. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2021.0067 PMid:34623780 PMCid:PMC8511361

Diarthini NLPE, Swastika IK, Ariwati L, Isyaputri R, Fitri N MY, Hidajati S, Basuki S. Blastocystis and other intestinal parasites infec-tions in elementary school children in Dukuh Village, Karangasem District, Bali. Indones J Trop Infect Dis 2018;7(2):57-61. Doi: https://doi.org/10.20473/ijtid.v7i3.7323

Lubis NDA, Amelia S, Arrasyid NK, Rozi MF . Modelling of risk factors associated with foodborne disease among school-aged chil-dren in Medan, Indonesia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019;7(19):3302-6. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.721 PMid:31949535 PMCid:PMC6953940

Pane R, Nurmaini, Sri Andayani L. Relationship between the Cleanliness of Nails and the Usage of Footwear with the Incidence of Helminths Infections on Elementary Student in Sibolga of 2019. Britain Int Exact Sci J. 2020;2(1):45-52. Doi: https://doi.org/10.33258/bioex.v2i1.107

Galgamuwa L, Iddawela D, Dharmaratne S. Intestinal protozoa infections, associated risk factors and clinical features among children in a low-income tea plantation community in Sri Lanka. Int J Community Med Public Heal. 2016;3:2452-8. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20163053