Employ the 5H Model, Evaluate its Efficacy, And Illustrate the Change in Elderly Depression Levels and Symptoms

Son Quang Le; Anh Thi Tram Nguyen

doi:10.55489/njcm.150520243779

Authors

Son Quang Le The University of Danang, Danang City, Vietnam
Anh Thi Tram Nguyen The University of Danang, University of Science and Education, Danang City, Vietnam

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55489/njcm.150520243779

Keywords:

community-based intervention, elderly, depression, GDS-15, ICD-10

Abstract

Introduction: Age-related disorders include mental health. This reduction in intergenerational cohesion and filial responsibilities has caused older people's dissatisfaction, sadness, and grief. Depression and dementia impair elderly people worldwide by taking away their independence and autonomy.

Methodology: The authors use the experimental approach to implement the 5H model, evaluate its efficacy, and show the change in depression levels and symptoms in Quang Ngai's elderly. The author chose 26 senior persons from Truong Quang Trong Ward and 23 from Tinh Thien Village to engage in the intervention study. The semi-experimental study compared N=60 samples (Experimental Group=30 and Control Group=30). The elderly control group receives conventional therapy according to the local program, whereas the experimental group receives community intervention. The GDS-15 and ICD-10 examined the intervention's efficacy.

Results: This study found that I mild depression had a significant change post-intervention; (ii) the mean score of depression through 2 assessments (GDS-15 scale and ICD-10 clinical assessment) both showed a significant reduction; (iii) females tended to change more than males; (iv) elderly aged 60-70 were easier to change than those over 80 years old; and (v) community-based psychosocial therapy had a significant impact on depression.

Conclusion: Considering the aforementioned favourable results, the Quang Ngai city depression prevention intervention program for the elderly is practical and can reduce symptoms, severity, and reverse depression. Hence, the model is applicable across Quang Ngai City.

References

Pilgrim D. Key concepts in mental health. 2022:1-100.

Kowal PR, Peachey K, Organization WH. Information needs for research, policy and action on ageing and older adults: a report of the follow-up meeting to the 2000 Harare MDS Workshop: indicators for the minimum data set project on ageing: a critical review in sub-Saharan Africa, 21 and 22 June 2001, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania. 2001;

Dong X, Milholland B, Vijg J. Evidence for a limit to human lifespan. Nature. 2016;538(7624):257-259. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature19793 PMid:27706136

Perera E. Ageing Population of Sri Lanka Emerging issues, needs and policy implications. 2017.

Thang P, Hy DTK. Overview report on elderly care policies adapting to changes in age structure in Vietnam. 2009; Hanoi: Ministry of Health.

Lim LL, Chang W, Yu X, Chiu H, Chong MY, Kua EH. Depression in Chinese elderly populations. Asia‐Pacific Psychiatry. 2011;3(2):46-53. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-5872.2011.00119.x

Gordilho A, Sérgio J, Silvestre J, et al. Desafios a serem enfrentados no terceiro milênio pelo setor saúde na atençäo integral ao idoso. Desafios a serem enfrentados no terceiro milênio pelo setor saúde na atençäo integral ao idoso. 2000:90-90.

Abbott RD, White LR, Ross GW, Masaki KH, Curb JD, Petrovitch H. Walking and dementia in physically capable elderly men. Jama. 2004;292(12):1447-1453. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.12.1447 PMid:15383515

Hassanpour-Dehkordi A, Jalali A. Effect of progressive muscle relaxation on the fatigue and quality of life among Iranian aging persons. Acta Medica Iranica. 2016:430-436.

Gheshlagh RG, Parizad N, Sayehmiri K. The relationship between depression and metabolic syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis study. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2016;18(6) Doi: https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.26523

Unützer J, Patrick DL, Simon G, et al. Depressive symptoms and the cost of health services in HMO patients aged 65 years and older: a 4-year prospective study. Jama. 1997;277(20):1618-1623. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03540440052032 PMid:9168292

Dorow M, Stein J, Pabst A, et al. Categorical and dimensional perspectives on depression in elderly primary care patients-Results of the AgeMooDe study. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 2018;27(1):e1577. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1577 PMid:28948667 PMCid:PMC6877261

Sarokhani D, Parvareh M, Dehkordi AH, Sayehmiri K, Moghimbeigi A. Prevalence of depression among Iranian elderly: systematic review and meta-analysis. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry. 2018;13(1):55-64.

Cole MG, Bellavance F, Mansour A. Prognosis of depression in elderly community and primary care populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999;156(8):1182-1189. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.156.8.1182 PMid:10450258

Li J, Theng Y-L, Foo S. Depression and psychosocial risk factors among community-dwelling older adults in Singapore. Journal of Cross-cultural Gerontology. 2015;30:409-422. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10823-015-9272-y PMid:26428668

Snowdon J. How high is the prevalence of depression in old age? Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry. 2002;24:42-47. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-44462002000500009

Davoodi F, Etemad K, Tanjani PT, Khodakarim S. The relationship between depression and cognitive impairment with falls leading to fractures in elderly. Safety Promotion Injury Prevention. 2016;4(2):75-82.

Mokhber N, Majdi M, Ali-Abadi M, et al. Association between malnutrition and depression in elderly people in Razavi Khorasan: a population based-study in Iran. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2011;40(2):67.

Clément J, Nassif R, Léger J, Marchan F. Development and contribution to the validation of a brief French version of the Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale. L'encephale. 1997;23(2):91-99.

Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1982;17(1):37-49. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4 PMid:7183759

Sheikh JI, Yesavage JA. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical Gerontologist: The Journal of Aging Mental Health. 1986; Doi: https://doi.org/10.1300/J018v05n01_09

Herrmann N, Mittmann N, Silver IL, et al. A validation study of the Geriatric Depression Scale short form. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 1996;11(5):457-460. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199605)11:5<457::AID-GPS325>3.0.CO;2-2

Lesher EL, Berryhill JS. Validation of the geriatric depression scale‐short form among inpatients. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1994;50(2):256-260. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(199403)50:2<256::AID-JCLP2270500218>3.0.CO;2-E PMid:8014251

Li Z, Jeon Y-H, Low L-F, et al. Validity of the geriatric depression scale and the collateral source version of the geriatric depression scale in nursing homes. International Psychogeriatrics. 2015;27(9):1495-1504. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610215000721 PMid:25990603

Mitchell AJ, Bird V, Rizzo M, Meader N. Diagnostic validity and added value of the Geriatric Depression Scale for depression in primary care: a meta-analysis of GDS30 and GDS15. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2010;125(1-3):10-17. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.08.019 PMid:19800132

Shah A, Herbert R, Lewis S, Mahendran R, Platt J, Bhattacharyya B. Screening for depression among acutely ill geriatric inpatients with a short geriatric depression scale. Age Ageing. 1997;26(3):217-221. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/26.3.217 PMid:9223718

Sarkar S, Kattimani S, Roy G, Premarajan K, Sarkar S. Validation of the Tamil version of short form Geriatric Depression Scale-15. Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice. 2015;6(03):442-1446. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.158800 PMid:26167040 PMCid:PMC4481811

Baumgartner JS, Jahn R, Friedrich F, Alexandrowicz RW, Wancata J. Criterion validity of the 15-item geriatric depression scale in the Austrian population. Psychiatrische Praxis. 2019;46(4):206-212. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0822-7578 PMid:30641611

Jacob ME, Abraham VJ, Abraham S, Jacob K. The effect of community based daycare on mental health and quality of life of elderly in rural south India: a community intervention study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: A Journal of The Psychiatry of Late Life Allied Ssciences. 2007;22(5):445-447. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1706 PMid:17096463

Gao S, Jin Y, Unverzagt FW, et al. Correlates of depressive symptoms in rural elderly Chinese. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2009;24(12):1358-1366. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2271 PMid:19347839 PMCid:PMC2833291

Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Swartz M, Blazer DG, Nelson CB. Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey I: Lifetime prevalence, chronicity and recurrence. Journal of Affective Disorders. 1993;29(2-3):85-96. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(93)90026-G PMid:8300981

Schechtman KB, Kutner NG, Wallace RB, Buchner DM, Ory MG. Gender, self-reported depressive symptoms, and sleep disturbance among older community-dwelling persons. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1997;43(5):513-527. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(97)00117-7 PMid:9394268

Vázquez-Barquero JL, Manrique JD, Munoz J, et al. Sex differences in mental illness: a community study of the influence of physical health and sociodemographic factors. Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiology. 1992;27:62-68. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00788507 PMid:1594974

Weissman MM, Bland R, Joyce PR, Newman S, Wells JE, Wittchen H-U. Sex differences in rates of depression: cross-national perspectives. Journal of Affective Disorders. 1993;29(2-3):77-84. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(93)90025-F PMid:8300980

Weissman MM, Klerman GL. Sex differences and the epidemiology of depression. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1977;34(1):98-111. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1977.01770130100011 PMid:319772

Zunzunegui MV, Beland F, Llacer A, Leon V. Gender differences in depressive symptoms among Spanish elderly. Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiology. 1998;33:195-205. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s001270050043 PMid:9604668

Kim J-I, Choe M-A, Chae YR. Prevalence and predictors of geriatric depression in community-dwelling elderly. Asian Nursing Research. 2009;3(3):121-129. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1976-1317(09)60023-2 PMid:25030470

Kockler M, Heun R. Gender differences of depressive symptoms in depressed and nondepressed elderly persons. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2002;17(1):65-72. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.521 PMid:11802233

Forsell Y, Jorm AF, Winblad B. Association of age, sex, cognitive dysfunction, and disability with major depressive symptoms in an elderly sample. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1994;

Silverstein B. Gender difference in the prevalence of clinical depression: the role played by depression associated with somatic symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999;156(3):480-482. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.156.3.480 PMid:10080570

Blazer D, Burchett B, Service C, George LK. The association of age and depression among the elderly: an epidemiologic exploration. Journal of Gerontology. 1991;46(6):M210-M215. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/46.6.M210 PMid:1834726

Mehta M, Whyte E, Lenze E, et al. Depressive symptoms in late life: associations with apathy, resilience and disability vary between young‐old and old‐old. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: A Journal of The Psychiatry of Late Life Allied Sciences. 2008;23(3):238-243. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1868 PMid:17676651

Chou KL, Chi I. Prevalence and correlates of depression in Chinese oldest‐old. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: A Journal of The Psychiatry of Late Life Allied Sciences. 2005;20(1):41-50. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1246 PMid:15578666

Schoevers R, Beekman A, Deeg D, Geerlings M, Jonker C, Van Tilburg W. Risk factors for depression in later life; results of a prospective community based study (AMSTEL). Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000;59(2):127-137. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(99)00124-X PMid:10837881

Reynolds III CF, Frank E, Perel JM, et al. Nortriptyline and interpersonal psychotherapy as maintenance therapies for recurrent major depression: a randomized controlled trial in patients older than 59 years. Jama. 1999;281(1):39-45. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.1.39 PMid:9892449

Son H, Cho HJ, Cho S, Ryu J, Kim S. The moderating effect of social support between loneliness and depression: differences between the young-old and the old-old. International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health. 2022;19(4):2322. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042322 PMid:35206508 PMCid:PMC8871923

Klausner EJ, Alexopoulos GS. The future of psychosocial treatments for elderly patients. Psychiatric Services. 1999;50(9):1198-1204. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.50.9.1198 PMid:10478907

Ciechanowski P, Wagner E, Schmaling K, et al. Community-integrated home-based depression treatment in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 2004;291(13):1569-1577. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.13.1569 PMid:15069044

Kerse N, Hayman KJ, Moyes SA, et al. Home-based activity program for older people with depressive symptoms: DeLLITE-a randomized controlled trial. The Annals of Family Medicine. 2010;8(3):214-223. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1093 PMid:20458104 PMCid:PMC2866718

Lyness JM. Treatment of depressive conditions in later life: real-world light for dark (or dim) tunnels. Jama. 2004;291(13):1626-1628. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.13.1626 PMid:15069051