Psychosocial Perceptions as Significant Impact Modifiers - A Mixed Method Research Among Hospitalized Covid-19 Patients in A Tertiary Care Hospital in Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu

Punithakumari  Purushothaman; Susila  T; Iswarya  Santhanakrishnan; Saranya Rajamanickam; Karthikeyan K; Babu  Samuel

doi:10.55489/njcm.131220222563

Authors

Punithakumari Purushothaman KMCHIHSR, Coimbatore, India
Susila T Stanely Medical college, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Iswarya Santhanakrishnan ESI Medical college, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Saranya Rajamanickam PSGIMSR, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Karthikeyan K Karunya University, Coimbatore, India
Babu Samuel Saveetha school of engineering, Chennai, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55489/njcm.131220222563

Keywords:

Covid-19 affected patients, Psycho social perception, psychological impact, Coping factors, Faith, Stigma

Abstract

Context: Covid 19 pandemic which evolved in successive waves had profound pyschosocial impact on affected individuals. Perceptions had impact on both individual and environmental level with potential behavioural consequences. The aim of the research is to study the psychosocial perception and psychological impact of COVID- 19 among hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

Methodology: The study was a mixed method research (Quan-Qual sequential design) conducted in the Covid wards of a tertiary care hospital in Coimbatore district. The psychological impact was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale. The results of quantitative analyses and qualitative analyses were expressed as proportions and done using thematic analysis using grounded theory respectively.

Results: About 55% of the hospitalized Covid-19 patients had psychological impact. On multivariate analysis, the factors which emerged as independent risk factors for presence of psychological morbidities due to COVID were presence of high stress level, sleep disturbances and their perception of COVID as high threat.

Conclusions: Focussed Counselling with specific reference to attend to spiritual health component in addition, would go a long way in diminishing immediate and long-term psychological impact due to covid-19 illness.

References

Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic charac-terisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: im-plications for virus origins and receptor binding. The Lancet. 2020 Jan;395(10224). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8 PMid:32007145

Fiorillo A, Gorwood P. The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and implications for clinical prac-tice. European Psychiatry. 2020;63(1). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.35 PMid:32234102 PMCid:PMC7156565

Ahorsu DK, Lin C-Y, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. The Fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial vali-dation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2020 Mar 27;20(3):1-9. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8 PMid:32226353 PMCid:PMC7100496

Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate Psy-chological Responses and Associated Factors during the Ini-tial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epi-demic among the General Population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [Inter-net]. 2020 Mar 6;17(5):1729. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729 PMid:32155789 PMCid:PMC7084952

Hung MSY, Lam SKK, Chan LCK, Liu SPS, Chow MCM. The Psy-chological and Quality of Life Impacts on Women in Hong Kong during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021 Jun 23;18(13):6734. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136734 PMid:34201456 PMCid:PMC8267857

Alimoradi Z, Broström A, Tsang HWH, Griffiths MD, Haghayegh S, Ohayon MM, et al. Sleep problems during COVID-19 pandemic and its' association to psychological dis-tress: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedi-cine [Internet]. 2021 Jun 10;36. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100916 PMid:34131640 PMCid:PMC8192091

Hystad SW, Johnsen BH. The Dimensionality of the 12-Item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12): Comparisons of Fac-tor Structures and Invariance Across Samples and Time. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020 Jun 11;11. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01300 PMid:32595570 PMCid:PMC7300277

Sharma N, Aggarwal P. Modified BG prasad socio-economic classification, update - 2021. J Integr Med Public Health 2022;1:7-9

Kader N, Elhusein B, Al Abdulla S, Hamza AH, Al Maslamani M, Chandra P, et al. Risk Perception and Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic Among Healthcare Workers in Primary and Secondary Healthcare Settings in Qatar: A National Study. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health. 2021 Jan;12:215013272110397. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/21501327211039714 PMid:34392716 PMCid:PMC8366132

Jakovljevic M, Bjedov S, Jaksic N, Jakovljevic I. COVID-19 PANDEMIA AND PUBLIC AND GLOBAL MENTAL HEALTH FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF GLOBAL HEALTH SECURITY. Psychiatria Danubina. 2020 Apr 15;32(1):6-14. Doi: https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2020.6 PMid:32303023

Hua J, Shaw R. Corona Virus (COVID-19) "Infodemic" and Emerging Issues through a Data Lens: The Case of China. In-ternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020 Mar 30;17(7):2309. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072309 PMid:32235433 PMCid:PMC7177854

Siu JY. The SARS-Associated Stigma of SARS Victims in the Post-SARS Era of Hong Kong. Qualitative Health Research. 2008 Jun;18(6):729-38. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732308318372 PMid:18503014

Bhanot D, Singh T, Verma SK, Sharad S. Stigma and Discrimina-tion During COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health. 2021 Jan 12;8. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.577018 PMid:33585379 PMCid:PMC7874150

Major B, O'Brien LT. The social psychology of stigma. Annual review of psychology [Internet]. 2005;56:393-421. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137 PMid:15709941

MacDonell K. A Protection Motivation Theory-Based Scale for Tobacco Research among Chinese Youth. Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy. 2013;04(03). Doi: https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000154 PMid:24478933 PMCid:PMC3903136

Dryhurst S, Schneider CR, Kerr J, Freeman ALJ, Recchia G, van der Bles AM, et al. Risk perceptions of COVID-19 around the world. Journal of Risk Research [Internet]. 2020 May 5;23(7-8):1-13. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2020.1758193

Rogers RW. A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. The Journal of Psychology. 1975 Sep;91(1):93-114. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803 PMid:28136248

Lee JEC, Lemyre L, Krewski D. A Multi-Method, Multi-Hazard Approach to Explore the Uniqueness of Terrorism Risk Per-ceptions and Worry. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 2010 Jan;40(1):241-72. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00572.x