Case Control Study: Individual and Comparative Assessment of Risk Factors as A Cause of Esophageal Cancer
Keywords:
Risk factors, Tobacco chewing, tobacco smoking, betel nut, masheri, esophageal cancerAbstract
Introduction: The association between smokeless tobacco, betel nut and Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma is not much researched area. Hence the assessment of individual risk factors as a cause of esophageal cancer was done in general population.
Method: A case-control study was carried out over a period of 3 years among 690 (230 cases and 460 controls) subjects. All incident squamous cell carcinoma cases were recruited at The Tata Memorial Hospital. A structured pretested questionnaire was used to collect the data through face-to-face interview of the participants.
Results: The ever use of pan, betel nut, tobacco chewing, masheri application, bidi, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption were having significantly higher odds when the subjects who had never consumed these products were taken as referent. The frequency (amount consumed per day) and duration of use of all the above mentioned entities were also found to be significantly associated with ESCC (p<0.01) for all.
Conclusion: All these proven risk factors are potentially preventable at the primary stage, hence health education regarding the hazards need to be incorporated in the school and college syllabus, along with strict implementation of Anti tobacco laws.
References
Non-communicable diseases. Available at: http://www. who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs355/en/ Accessed on May 12th, 2015
India: first to adapt the Global Monitoring Framework on non-communicable diseases (NCDs) Available at: http:// www.who.int/features/2015/ncd-india/en/ Accessed on May 12th, 2015
GLOBOCAN 2012: Estimated Cancer Incidence, Mortali-ty and Prevalence Worldwide in 2012. Available at: http://globocan.iarc.fr/Pages/fact_sheets_cancer.aspx. Accessed on May 15th, 2015.
Jussawalla-DJ; Deshpande-VA: Evaluation of cancer risk in tobacco chewers and smokers: An epidemiology as-sessment: Cancer; 1971; 28(1): 244-252.
Bhisey R A. Chemistry and toxicology of smokeless to-bacco. Indian J Cancer 2012; 49:364-72.
Phukan, R.K., Ali, M.S., Chetia, C.K., and Mahanta, J. Betel nut and tobacco chewing; potential risk factors of cancer of oesophagus in Assam, India. Br J Cancer. 2001; 85: 661–667
Akhtar S(1), Sheikh AA, Qureshi HU: Chewing areca nut, betel quid, oral snuff, cigarette smoking and the risk of oesophageal squamous-cell carcinoma in South Asians: a multicentre case-control study :Eur J Cancer ; 2012 Mar; 48(5):655-61.
Rao DN; Sanghvi LD; Desai PB: Epidemiology of Oe-sophageal cancer: Seminar- Surg-Oncol: 1989: 5 (5); 351-4.
Sankaranarayanan-R; Duffy-SW; Padmakumary-G; Nair-SM; Day-NE; Padamanbhan-TK: Risk factors for Cancer of the Oesophagus in Kerala, India; International Journal of Cancer; 1991; 49 (4): 485-9
Holland Walter. W; Roger Detels; Knox George: Oxford Textbook Of Public Health: 2nd Edition: United King-dom: Oxford University Press; 1991: pg 121-144
Hashibe M(1), Boffetta P, Janout V, Zaridze D, Shangina O, Mates D, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Bencko V, Brennan P: Esophageal cancer in Central and Eastern Europe: to-bacco and alcohol : Int J Cancer; 2007 Apr 1:120(7):1518-22.
Dar NA(1), Bhat GA, Shah IA, Iqbal B, Makhdoomi MA, Nisar I, Rafiq R, Iqbal ST,Bhat AB, Nabi S, Shah SA, Shafi R, Masood A, Lone MM, Zargar SA, Najar MS, Is-lami F, Boffetta P: Hookah smoking, nass chewing, and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Kashmir,India : Br J Cancer: 2012 Oct 23;107(9):1618-23.
Wynder-Ernest L; Bras-Iwin J: A study of etiological fac-tors in cancer of the oesophagus: Cancer; 1961; 14(2): 389-443.
Vizcaino-AP; Parkin DM; Shinner ME: Risk factors asso-ciated with oesophageal cancer in Buawayo; Zimbabwe: British Journal of Cancer: 1995; 72(3) p 769-73.
Akhtar S: Areca nut chewing and esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma risk in Asians: a meta-analysis of case-control studies: Cancer Causes Control; 2013 Feb ; 24(2):257-65
Ramesh-C: Oesophageal Cancer: an epidemiological study in India : Diss: Abstr-Int-C; 1994; 55(3):867
Hoffmann, D., Brunnemann, K.D., Prokopczyk, B., and Djordjevic, M.V. Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines and ar-eca-derived N-nitrosamines: chemistry, biochemistry, car-cinogenicity and relevance to humans. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1994; 41: 1–52
Borle RM and Gupta DS: Fungal contamination of Are-canut. Indian J PatholMicrobiol: 1987; 30: 357–360
Nair J, Pakhale SS, Bhide SV. Carcinogenic tobacco spe-cific nitrosamines in Indian tobacco products. Food and Chemical Toxicology: 1989; 27:751.3.
Anand P, Ajaikumar BK, Sundaram C, Kuzhuvelil BH, Sheeja TT, Oiki SL, SungB, Bharat BA: Cancer is a Pre-ventable Disease that Requires Major Lifestyle Changes. Pharm Res: 2008; 25, 2097-2116.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The authors retain the copyright of their article, with first publication rights granted to Medsci Publications.
