Exposure To Smokeless Form of Tobacco and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Case Control Study from Rural Maharashtra, India
Keywords:
Breast cancer, smokeless tobacco, risk, rural habitations, odd’s ratioAbstract
Introduction: Tobacco exposure has been associated with development of a variety of cancers and breast cancer is one of them. The study objective was to determine the strength of association between smokeless form of tobacco and breast cancer risk among the women residing in rural area of western Maharashtra, India.
Methods: A case- control study was conducted in Satara district, India during year 2009-10 to 2010-11 among newly diagnosed cases of breast cancer and matched controls. Sample size includes a total of 434 participants enrolled from Krishna Hospital Karad. Descriptive and inferential statistics employed to determine the strength of association and statistical significance.
Results: Highest proportion of breast cancer cases, [31.80%] were in age group 40-49 yrs with lowest age at the diagnosis of the disease was 25 years. Maximum proportions of cases, [63.59%], [71.42%] and [56.68%] were housewives, literate and from upper economic class. Out of total 217 cases, [58.99%] were exposed to smokeless form of tobacco and significantly associated with breast cancer [Odd’s -1.7, CI- 1- 2.1]. The frequency and duration of exposure to smokeless form of tobacco were significantly associated with breast cancer [Odd’s- 2.5, CI- 1.4-4.4], [Odd’s - 2.5, CI-1.4-4.6].
Conclusion: Study revealed smokeless form of tobacco is a risk factor for breast cancer among the women residing in rural Maharashtra.
References
Parkin DM, Whelan SL, Ferlay J, Temppo L, Thomas DB. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. WHO - IARC Scien-tific publication 2003; 155.
Development of cancer atlas of India – A project of Na-tional Cancer Registry Program [Indian Council of Medi-cal Research], First All India Report 2002:11–18.
Paul E. Challenges to effective cancer control in Chi-na,India,and Russia. Lancet Oncol 2014;15:489-538.
Gupta S,Rao YN, Agarwal SP. Emerging strategies for cancer control for women in India. 50 Years of cancer con-trol in India;2003. Available from: http:// www.medindia.net /education/ministryofhealth/pg192to203.pdf.[Last ac-cessed on 2013 June 7.]
Yeole BB, Kurkure AP. An epidemiological assessment of increasing incidence and trends in breast cancer in Mum-bai and other sites in India, during the last two decades. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2003; 4:51–56.
Kulkarni D. Mumbai has highest incidence of breast can-cer. The New Indian Express 2012;30.
Perera F. P., Estabrook A., Hewer A., Channing K., Run-dle A., Mooney L. A., Whyatt R., Phillips D. H. Carcino-gen-DNA adducts in human breast tissue. Cancer Epi-demiol. Biomark. Prev., 4: 233-238, 1995.
Palmer J. R., Rosenberg L., Clarke E. A., Stolley P. D., Warshauer M. E., Zauber A. G., Shapiro S. Breast cancer and cigarette smoking: a hypothesis. Am. J. Epidemiol., 134: 1-13, 1991.
Rosenberg L., Schwingl P. J., Kaufman D. W., Miller D. R., Helmrich S. P., Stolley P. D., Schottenfeld D., Shapiro S. Breast cancer and cigarette smoking. N. Engl. J. Med., 310: 92-94, 1984.
Spangler JG, Michielutte R, Bell RA, Dignan MB. Associa-tion between smokeless tobacco use and breast cancer among Native-American women in North Carolina. Ethn Dis. 2001 Winter;11(1):36-43.
Pakseresht S, Ingale GK, Bahadur AK, Ramteke VK, Singh MM, Garg S et al. Risk factors with breast cancer among women in Delhi. Indian J Cancer 2009;46:132-8.
Kamat R, Mahajan KS, Ashok L. A study on risk factors of breast cancer among patient attending the tertiary care hospital, in Udupi district. Ind J Com Med 2013;38:95-9.
Bavde RA, Mitra I, Desai PB. Clinico-pathological fea-tures and prognosis of breast cancer in different religious communities in India. Ind J Cancer 1990;27:200-29.
Parameshwari P, Mathukumar K. A population based case control study on breast cancer and the associated risk factors in a rural setting in Kerala.J Clin Diagn Res 2013;7:1913-16.
Kelsey JA. Review of epidemiology of human breast can-cer. Epidemiol Review 1979;1:74-109.
Johnson KC. Passive and active smoking and breast can-cer risk in Canada. The Canadian cancer registries epide-miology group. Cancer cases and control,2000;11(3):211-221.
Khuder SA, Mutgi AB, Nugent S. Smoking and breast cancer: a metaanalysis. Rev Environ Health,2001;16(4):253-261.
Terry PD, Rohan TE. Cigarette smoking and the risk of breast cancer in women: a review of the literature. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002 Oct;11(10 Pt 1):953-71.
Hecht SS. Tobacco smoke carcinogens and Breast can-cer.Environ Mol Mutagen.2002;39(2-3):119-26.
Dobson R. Risk of breast cancer increases with number of years of smoking. British Medical Jour-nal,2002;325(7359):298
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The authors retain the copyright of their article, with first publication rights granted to Medsci Publications.
