Health Promotion Activities Among Older Women: Insights from Pender’s Health Promotion Model

Selman  Hussain Faris; Ghazwan Abdulhussein  Al-Abedi; Haqi Ismael  Mansoor

doi:10.55489/njcm.160320255001

Authors

Selman Hussain Faris Department of Community Health Nursing, College of Nursing, University of Kerbala, Iraq
Ghazwan Abdulhussein Al-Abedi College of Nursing/ University of Kerbala, Iraq.
Haqi Ismael Mansoor Department of Community Health Nursing, College of Nursing, University of Kerbala, Iraq

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55489/njcm.160320255001

Keywords:

Pender’s model, older women, health promotion activities

Abstract

Aims: The study examines factors associated with older women's participation in health promotion activities.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a community care centre to identify healthy activities among older women. Data were collected from 154 participants using questionnaire developed between June 7^th, 2023 and May 13^th, 2024.

Results: The study involved participants with an average age of 68.8 ± 4.2 years, 75.3% of whom were married. Notably, 83.8% reported poor health, and 88.3% had chronic diseases. Strong correlations were found between perceived benefits, barriers, self-efficacy, social support, and activity-related affect with educational level, income, health status, and chronic diseases (F=929.369), while no correlations existed with age and marital status. Additionally, 61.7% rarely engaged in in health promotion activities. Multiple regression analysis revealed health status (β = 1.484) and perceived benefits (β = 0.655) as key predictors of participation, highlighting the influence of demographic factors.

Conclusion: This study highlights factors influencing older women's participation in health promotion activities. Many reported poor health and chronic diseases, with key predictors including health status and perceived benefits. Over half engaged infrequently in wellness activities, indicating a need to address barriers. These findings underscore the importance of tailored health promotion strategies for this demographic.

References

World Health Organization. Ageing and Health. 2022. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health

World Health Organization. Connecting generations: planning and implementing interventions for intergenerational contact. 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240070264

Jalili F, Estebsari F, Rohani C, Rahimi KZ, Sefidkar R, et al. Predictors of health-promoting lifestyle in pregnant women based on Pender's health promotion model. International journal of women's health. 2020 Feb; 24(12):71-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S235169 PMid:32158276 PMCid:PMC7047988

Bhandari P, Kim MY. Predictors of the health-promoting behaviors of Nepalese migrant workers. Journal of Nursing Research. 2016; 24(4):232-239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000120 PMid:26524721

Chia F, Huang WY, Huang H, Wu CE. Promoting healthy behaviors in older adults to optimize health-promoting lifestyle: An intervention study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(2):1628. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021628 PMid:36674395 PMCid:PMC9866478

Abdulameer AH, Al-Abedi GA. Elderly knowledge of fall prevention at primary health care centers. Bahrain Medical Bulletin. 2023; 45(4):1756-1761.

Al-Abedi GA, Mansoor HI, Faris SH. Older adult self-care and related factors at primary health care centers. Bahrain Medical Bulletin. 2024; 46(1):1852-1855.

Hong KL, Glover BM. The impact of lifestyle intervention on atrial fibrillation. Current Opinion in Cardiology. 2018; 33(1):14-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000000470 PMid:29049041

Li Y, Pan A, Wang DD, Liu X, Dhana K, Franco OH, Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E, Stampfer M, Willett WC, et al. Impact of healthy lifestyle factors on life expectancies in the US population. Circulation. 2018; 138(4):345-355. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032047 PMid:29712712 PMCid:PMC6207481

Haugan G, Eriksson M. An introduction to the health promotion perspective in the health care services. In: Health promotion in health care-vital theories and research. 2021; p. 3-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63135-2_1

Goodarzi-Khoigani M, Moghadam M, Nadjarzadeh A, Mardanian FM, Fallahzadeh H, Mazloomy-Mahmoodabad SS. Impact of nutrition education in improving dietary pattern during pregnancy based on Pender's health promotion model: A randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research. 2018; 23(1):18-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_198_16 PMid:29344041 PMCid:PMC5769180

Chen HH, Hsieh PL. Applying Pender's health promotion model to identify the factors related to older adults' participation in community-based health promotion activities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(19):9985.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18199985 PMid:34639294 PMCid:PMC8508522

Iraq's Central Statistical Organization (CSO) and United Nations reproductive health agency (UNFPA). Iraq Elderly Women; Issues and Statistics, 2011. Available from: https://iraq.unfpa.org/en/publications/iraq-elderly-women-issues-and-statistics

Lee. Promoting health and community living for elderly people through community empowerment in Mei Cheng Village, Xindian District, Taiwan. Taiwan Geriatr Gerontol. 2016; 11:186.

Quynh Anh LHT, Quoc Huy NV, Minh Tam N, Wens J, Derese A, Peersman W, Ha My VN, Thang TB, Phuong Anh NT, Truc Ly TT, Pype P. Exploring the relationships between self-efficacy, self-care, and glycaemic control in primary care diabetes management. SAGE Open Med. 2024 Dec 23;12:20503121241310016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121241310016. PMID: 39734764; PMCID: PMC11672485.

Lindsay-Smith G, Eime R, O'Sullivan G, et al. A mixed-methods case study exploring the impact of participation in community activity groups for older adults on physical activity, health and wellbeing. BMC Geriatr. 2019; 19(243). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1245-5 PMid:31477054 PMCid:PMC6720859

Farrance C, Tsofliou F, Clark C. Adherence to community-based group exercise interventions for older people: A mixed methods systematic review. Prev Med. 2016; 87:155-166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.02.037 PMid:26921655

Kumar A, Delbaere K, Zijlstra GAR, Carpenter H, Iliffe S, Masud T, Skelton D, Morris R, Kendrick D. Exercise for reducing fear of falling in older people living in the community: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2016; 45:345-352. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw036 PMid:27121683

Alaviani M, Khosravan S, Alami A, Moshki M. The effect of a multi-strategy program on developing social behaviors based on Pender's health promotion model to prevent loneliness of old women referred to Gonabad urban health centers. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. 2015; 3:132-140. PMID: 26005693; PMCID: PMC4441350.

Cadore EL, Rodríguez-Mañas L, Sinclair A, Izquierdo M. Effects of different exercise interventions on risk of falls, gait ability, and balance in physically frail older adults: A systematic review. Rejuvenation Res. 2013; 16:105-115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/rej.2012.1397 PMid:23327448 PMCid:PMC3634155

Lavanya M, Pradeep MVM, Hussain A, Anantharaman VV, Logaraj M. Predictors of dependency in instrumental activities of daily living among community dwelling elderly in a rural field practice area of a tertiary care hospital in Chengalpattu District, Tamilnadu, India - A cross sectional study. Natl J Community Med. 2025; 16(01):75-82.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.55489/njcm.160120254791

Breland JY, Wong JJ, McAndrew LM. Are common sense model constructs and self-efficacy simultaneously correlated with self-management behaviors and health outcomes: A systematic review. Health Psychol Open. 2020; 7:1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2055102919898846 PMid:32030192 PMCid:PMC6978827

Guntzviller LM, King AJ, Jensen JD, Davis LA. Self-efficacy, health literacy, and nutrition and exercise behaviors in a low-income, Hispanic population. J Immigr Minor Health. 2017; 19:489-493. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-016-0384-4 PMid:26979167

Kim AS, Jang MH, Park KH, Min JY. Effects of self-efficacy, depression, and anger on health-promoting behaviors of Korean elderly women with hypertension. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17:6296. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176296 PMid:32872450 PMCid:PMC7504112

Liljas AEM, Walters K, Jovicic A, Iliffe S, Manthorpe J, Goodman C, Kharicha K. Strategies to improve engagement of 'hard to reach' older people in research on health promotion: A systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2017; 17:1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4241-8 PMid:28431552 PMCid:PMC5399821

Gorbani F, Mahmoodi H, Sarbakhsh P, Shaghaghi A. Predictive performance of Pender's health promotion model for hypertension control in Iranian patients. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2020; 16:299-305.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S258458 PMid:32764950 PMCid:PMC7381821

Seo YJ, Ha Y. Gender Differences in Predictors of Physical Activity among Korean College Students Based on the Health Promotion Model. Asian Pac Isl Nurs J. 2019;4(1):1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31372/20190401.1000. PMID: 31037268; PMCID: PMC6484198.

Ek S. Gender differences in health information behavior: A Finnish population-based survey. Health Promot Int. 2015; 30(3):736-745. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dat063 PMid:23985248

Zhuori N, Cai Y, Yan Y, Cui Y, Zhao M. Does social support affect the health of the elderly in rural China? A meta-analysis approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019; 16(18):3471. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183471 PMid:31540450 PMCid:PMC6765987

Abdul-Lateef SJ. Assessment of health promoting behaviors in relation to physical activity in elderly. Ann Coll Med Mosul. 2018; 40(1):31-35.