Breast Self-Examination Self-Efficacy Scale: Translation and Validation in Pakistani (Urdu) Version
Keywords:
Breast self-examination, Self-efficacy, Validity, ReliabilityAbstract
Introduction: There is a necessity of Pakistani (Urdu) translation and validation of Breast self-examination (BSE) self-efficacy scale to access high- risk women confidence in doing self-examination of breast as screening measures. The study aim is to translate and validate breast self-examination self-efficacy scale in Pakistani high-risk women.
Methodology: The 12 items BSE Self-Efficacy scale was translated and validated by using Brislin (1970) and Sperber (2004) methodology. Psychometric properties of Pakistan version BSE Self-Efficacy scale were assessed among 120 women from oncology department of the tertiary care hospital in Pakistan selected with simple random sampling. CFA (Confirmatory factor analysis) was done for measuring the construct validity and reliability was assessed by Cronbach alpha coefficient. Demographics characteristics were analysed by descriptive statistics with SPSS and Mplus software was used for CFA.
Results: The translated version showed semantic equivalence to the original English version. CFA results indicated that all 12 items were consistent with a unidimensional scale (χ2=464.3, p > .05, df=54, RMSEA =.025, CFI=.965, TLI=.913, SRMR=.062), Cronbach’s α value .96, demonstrating high reliability.
Conclusion: The twelve-item BSE self-efficacy scale Pakistani version established appropriate translation, validity and reliability in measuring confidence of doing BSE.
References
Canadian Cancer Society. Canadian cancer statistics: A special report on cancer prevalence. Toronto: Canadian Cancer Society; 2022. Available from: https://cdn.cancer.ca
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209-249. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
Makki J. Diversity of breast carcinoma: Histological subtypes and clinical relevance. Clin Med Insights Pathol. 2015; 8:23-31. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4137/CPath.S31563
World Health Organization. Breast cancer [Internet]. 2023 [cited May 2023]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer
Zaheer S, Shah N, Maqbool SM, Soomro NM. Estimates of past and future time trends in age-specific breast cancer incidence among women in Karachi, Pakistan: 2004-2025. BMC Public Health. 2019; 19:1001. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7330-z
Idrees S, Mayilvaganan S, Jagannath S, et al. Validation of cost-effective model for breast self-examination. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2023;85(2):166-171. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/MS9.0000000000000211
Tufail W, Wu C. Exploring the burden of cancer in Pakistan: An analysis of 2019 data. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2023;13:333-343. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44197-023-00104-5
Bukhari N, Haider G, Yousuf A, Khan S, Hameed MA. The role of family history on the risk of developing breast cancer. Pak J Med Res. 2021;59(4):141-146.
Gyawali B, Shimokata T, Honda K, et al. Should low-income countries invest in breast cancer screening? Cancer Causes Control. 2016;27(11):1341-1345. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-016-0812-8
Newman LA. Breast cancer screening in low and middle-income countries. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2022; 83:15-23. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2022.03.002
Mishra GA, Pimple SA, Mittra I, Badwe RA. Screening for breast cancer: Cost-effective solutions for low- & middle-income countries. Indian J Med Res. 2021;154(2):229-236. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_2635_20
Manisha BK, Kaphle HP. Breast self-examination: Knowledge, practice, and associated factors among 20 to 49 years aged women in Butwal sub-metropolitan, Rupandehi, Nepal. PLOS ONE. 2023;18(6). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287681
Rivera-Franco MM, Leon-Rodriguez E. Delays in breast cancer detection and treatment in developing countries. Breast Cancer. 2018; 12:1178223417752677. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1178223417752677
Bebis H, Altunkurek SZ, Acikel C, Akar I. Evaluation of breast self-examination (BSE) application in first- and second-degree relatives of patients with breast cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14(8):4925-4930. Doi: https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.8.4925
Norman P, Brain K. An application of an extended health belief model to the prediction of breast self-examination among women with a family history of breast cancer. Br J Health Psychol. 2005;10(1):1-16. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1348/135910704X24752
Stefanek ME, Wilcox P. First degree relatives of breast cancer patients: screening practices and provision of risk information. Cancer Detect Prev. 1991;15(5):379-384.
Khatun A. The relationship between breast self-examination efficacy and breast self-examination practice among staff nurses, Bangladesh [dissertation]. Songkla: Prince of Songkla University; 2010.
Juanita J, Jittanoon P, Boonyasopun U. Effect of cultural-based breast self-examination educational program on BSE self-efficacy among nursing students, Indonesia. Int J Trop Vet Biomed Res. 2020; 2:29-39. Doi: https://doi.org/10.21157/ijtvbr.v5i2.20486
Sangchan H, Tiansawad S, Yimyam S, Wonghongkul T. The development of a culturally sensitive educational programme to increase the perception, self-efficacy, and practice of Thai Moslem women regarding breast self-examination (BSE). Songkla Med J. 2008; 26:15-24.
Sainitzer BL. The relationship between perceived self-efficacy and the performance of breast self-examination behaviors [dissertation]. Washington: University of Washington; 1990.
Luszczynska A. Change in breast self-examination behavior: Effects of intervention on enhancing self-efficacy. Int J Behav Med. 2004; 11:95-103. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm1102_5
DeVellis RF. Scale development theory and applications. 4th ed. Sage; 2017.
Hair JF Jr, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE. Multivariate data analysis. 7th ed. Pearson Prentice Hall; 2010.
Byrne BM. Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Routledge; 2013. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203807644
Brislin RW. Back-translation for cross-cultural research. J Cross Cult Psychol. 1970; 1:185-216. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/135910457000100301
Sperber AD. Translation and validation of study instruments for cross-cultural research. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(1):124-128. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2003.10.016
Nunnally JC, Bernstein IH. Psychometric theory. McGraw-Hill. 1994.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Sumaira Naz; Sureeporn Thanasilp, Wasinee Wisesrith
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The authors retain the copyright of their article, with first publication rights granted to Medsci Publications.
